Paper 1 — language

Direct and indirect speech

Keep the speaker’s words if the speech is direct. Change the tense if it is reported.

CAPS

Grade 10 · Tshivenḓa First Additional Language · Direct and indirect speech

Direct speech quotes. Indirect speech reports.

  • Direct

    The exact words sit in quotation marks. A comma or a colon separates them from the reporting verb. The question mark or exclamation mark stays inside the quote if the spoken words had it.

  • Indirect

    No quotation marks. If the reporting verb is in the past, the spoken verb usually steps one tense back. Pronouns change to match who is being reported. Time words change: today becomes that day, tomorrow becomes the next day.

  • Reported questions

    Use if, whether, or the question word. The word order becomes a statement. The question mark disappears. “Where are you?” becomes he asked where she was.

  • Punctuation you will be asked to fix

    A missing comma before the quote, a capital where the quote continues the sentence, and a tense that did not shift are the usual edits.

This is a Paper 1 language question. Rewrite only what was asked. Do not improve the story.

nounverbobjectadjectiveadverb

Say this

Kha Tshivenda First Additional Language, Thabo a re na vhuṱali u ṱalutshedza mutevhe hafhu siteshini.

  • Verb

    u ṱalutshedza

  • Adjective

    a re na vhuṱali

  • Noun

    mutevhe

  • Adverb

    hafhu

Pronounce

Stress the action “u ṱalutshedza”. The describing word is “a re na vhuṱali”. “hafhu” says how. The place is siteshini.

Worked example

Tshivenda First Additional Language, Grade 10. Direct and indirect speech. Use these five examples only. Do not import a sentence from another topic.

Simplified approach

Rule, five examples written for this topic, one common mistake, then a short quiz.

Culture note

First Additional Language in Tshivenda First Additional Language: the marker credits the rule on the sentence the question asked about.

Step 1 / 4

Rule

Direct speech keeps the speaker’s words and the quotation marks. Indirect speech drops the marks, changes the pronoun, and moves the tense back after a past reporting verb.

More worked examples

Board walkthroughs on this topic. Open one, copy the working, then try the next.

Example 1 / 20

Bammbiri 1 u pfesesa, Gireidi 10. Tshipiḓa: “Mutalo kha kiliniki u tshimbila zwiṱuku nga murahu ha mvula. Nese u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho, mutukana a dzula fhethu hawe.” Muhumbulo muhulwane ndi ufhio? Topola maipfi maṋa a u khwaṱhisaho.

4. Step-by-step working

  1. 01

    Mbuno

    A bvi kha mutalo. Nese u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho, ene u a dzula.

    muhumbulo: u lindela tshifhinga tshawe
  2. 02

    Shumisa mulayo

    Topola fhedzi zwo ṅwalwaho: “u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho”.

    zwo topolwaho
  3. 03

    Sedza

    Zwo topolwaho zwi khwaṱhisa muhumbulo. Zwo topolwaho nga mvula fhedzi a zwi nga swiki kha mbuno.

    zwo topolwaho zwi a tshimbilelana

How we got there

Read this like a teacher at the board. We go slowly, name every number, and say why we take each step.

Explain in another language · 11

1. What is the question asking?

Read the question twice. Circle the unknown. Underline every number and unit. The paper is asking: Bammbiri 1 u pfesesa, Gireidi 10. Tshipiḓa: “Mutalo kha kiliniki u tshimbila zwiṱuku nga murahu ha mvula. Nese u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho, mutukana a dzula fhethu hawe.” Muhumbulo muhulwane ndi ufhio? Topola maipfi maṋa a u khwaṱhisaho.

In other words — as if you have never seen this before

If you have never seen this before: Muhumbulo muhulwane u kha tshipiḓa tshoṱhe, a u kha ipfi ḽithihi. Zwo topolwaho zwi fanela u bva kha maṅwalwa. We will name a method in words, write the formula with no numbers, then substitute one line at a time.

2. What do we already know?

phara pfufhi

3. Which method — and why this one?

Muhumbulo muhulwane u kha tshipiḓa tshoṱhe, a u kha ipfi ḽithihi. Zwo topolwaho zwi fanela u bva kha maṅwalwa.

4. Step-by-step working

  1. 01 / 06

    Mbuno

    A bvi kha mutalo. Nese u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho, ene u a dzula.

    muhumbulo: u lindela tshifhinga tshawe

    Why this step: We only do one job per line so a marker can follow the marks — and so you can find a slip without starting over.

  2. 02 / 06

    Shumisa mulayo

    Topola fhedzi zwo ṅwalwaho: “u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho”.

    zwo topolwaho

    Why this step: We only do one job per line so a marker can follow the marks — and so you can find a slip without starting over.

  3. 03 / 06

    Sedza

    Zwo topolwaho zwi khwaṱhisa muhumbulo. Zwo topolwaho nga mvula fhedzi a zwi nga swiki kha mbuno.

    zwo topolwaho zwi a tshimbilelana

    Why this step: We only do one job per line so a marker can follow the marks — and so you can find a slip without starting over.

  4. 04 / 06

    Step G — Sense-check the size

    Ask: is this the kind of number a Grade 10–12 paper would want? A speed of 3 000 ms for a learner walking, or a probability bigger than 1, means a unit or algebra slip. Estimate first: round the numbers and do the sum in your head.

    Why this step: Markers write ‘unrealistic’ in the margin when the method is right but the size is wild. A 10-second head check often finds a missing 10² or a unit that never changed.

  5. 05 / 06

    Step F — Box the answer with its unit

    Mutukana u dzula kha mutalo u swika dzina ḽawe ḽi tshi vhidzwa. Vhuṱanzi: “u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho”.

    Why this step: A number without a unit is half a mark on a Physics paper, and a marker can miss a Maths answer that is buried in working.

  6. 06 / 06

    Step H — What the marker is looking for

    On an NSC memo you usually earn: (1) a method mark for naming the right formula or idea in words, (2) an accuracy mark for substituting the given numbers with units, (3) an accuracy mark for the boxed answer with its unit. Write those three lines even if you are unsure of the arithmetic — blank pages score zero.

    Why this step: First-timers chase the final number and leave the method blank. The memo still pays out for the idea and the substitution even when the last line is wrong.

5. The answer

Mutukana u dzula kha mutalo u swika dzina ḽawe ḽi tshi vhidzwa. Vhuṱanzi: “u vhidza dzina ḽi tevhelaho”.

6. Check it like a marker

Ni songo engedza nndwa, tshifanyiso kana maḓipfi a sa ambiwi. Maraga a u pfesesa a dzula ngomu ha maṅwalwa.

7. A trap first-timers fall into

First-timers often grab the first formula they remember, mix units (cm with m, minutes with seconds), or drop a minus sign. Write the formula in words first: “this equals that, because…”

Ntsako · fx-991ZA PLUS. Tap to calculate.